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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, January 1919 - May 1919
v.1.0 June 2, 2002
Alexis Mehtidis
Source: The Greek Expeditionary Corps in Southern Russia, 1919 Directorate of Army History / Army Staff, Athens, 1955.
Any corrections or additions are welcome at : alexmehtidis@hotmail.com
The official name this campaign is ' Southern Russia Campaign, 1919 '. It covers the battles fought with the reinforcements sent by the Greek Army ( A' Army Corps - II and XIII Divisions - ) to the Ukraine between January - May 1919 to help the French, British and White Russian forces against the forces of the Russian Revolution.
Transport of the whole of the Corps was not completed ( for example the Corps' I Division and the artillery assets of the XIII Division were not transported at all and the Corps command was transported to Odessa when the evacuation of the front had already started ). The Corps was evacuated to Bessarabia, Romania then and finally to Asia Minor to take part in the Asia Minor Campaign 1919 - 1922 (The War of Independence for the Turks). The last Greek units left Romania on July 17th.
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Formations and main units
A' Army Corps ( part of Allied Forces East Command / Danube Army / I Divisional Group )
* II and XIII Divisions. With the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 34th, 5/42 Evzones Infantry Regiments and the IIa, IIb Mountain Artillery Batteries.
* Odessa Base
* 4th L.O.C. Battalion
* A 'Telegraphists' Detachment
* 543rd Air Squadron (4th Airplane Flotilla )
* B' Evacuation Military Hospital
* 4th Transport Car Squadron
* V, VI and VII Medical Car Squadrons
* 1st Car Park Party.
* 32nd Bakery Platoon.
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Transportation of A' Army Corps formations and units to Southern Russia and Romania , January 1919 - June 1919
Notes:
1. Including units transported to Romania, after the evacuation of the Southern Russia front.
2. All embarkation ports are in Greece.
3. All embarkation and disembarkation dates are in 1919, in the Old Calendar.
4. Units are arranged in an order of the different dates of embarkation. Each row of units was transported by a different steamship.
5. If a unit appears to have been transported in two different dates it is because different components of it were transported in these different dates.
6. Translating the units' names is a mixture of literate translation and one according to the British Unit Organisation of World War I - where possible -.
7. 543 Air Squadron was 4th or 401st Airplane Flotilla.
8. Animals' Pack was a unit slaughtering animals to feed the troops.
9. Two-company is a unit composing of two companies.
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..........Units..........................Embarkation Port...............Embarkation Date..............Disembarkation Port...........Disembarkation Date
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
II/34 Battalion
II/34 Machine Gun Company....Thessaloniki, Stavros........January1st, January 2nd..................Odessa............................January 7th..............
IIa Medical Unit
5th Car Platoon
II Telegraphists' Detachment
Postal Service
**********************************************************************************************************************
B' Evacuation Hospital
5th Car Platoon..............................Thessaloniki........................January 2nd...........................Odessa..............................January 7th
**********************************************************************************************************************
Headquarters Group / 34th Infantry Regiment
I/34 Battalion
III/34 Battalion.....................Thessaloniki, Stavros............January 2nd, January 3rd...............Odessa............................January7th...............
V Medical Car Squadron
5th Car Platoon
**********************************************************************************************************************
11/34 Company
Corps Transportation for the 34th Infantry Regiment
32nd Bakery Platoon.............Thessaloniki, Stavros.............January 18th, January 20th............Odessa.............................January 27th........
**********************************************************************************************************************
9th Car Platoon
VIII Medical Car Squadron
Bakery Detachment......................Thessaloniki..............................February 8th.....................Odessa..............................February 14th.......
IIa Medical Unit
IIb Operating Theatre
**********************************************************************************************************************
Headquarters Group / 7th Infantry Regiment
I/7 Battalion
II/7 Battalion
IIb Operating Theatre............Thessaloniki, Stavros.............February 7th, February 8th.............Odessa............................February 14th.........
IIb Medical Unit
IIa Stretcher-bearers Squadron
Infantry Command / II Division
***************************************************************************************************************************
Machine Gun Companies
- Battle Transport
- Corps Transport /...................Thessaloniki................................February 13th......................Odessa............................February 17th.........
7th Infantry Regim
***************************************************************************************************************************
Machine Gun Companies / 7th Infantry Regiment
II Animals Pack.........................Thessaloniki................................February 15th.....................Odessa..............................February 26th.........
***********************************************************************************************************************
Headquarters Group / 1st Infantry Regiment
I/1 Battalion
II/1 Battalion........................... Thessaloniki................................February 18th.....................Odessa..............................February 22nd.............
Infantry Command / II Division
*************************************************************************************************************************
III/1 Battalion..........................Thessaloniki.................................February 20th....................Odessa...............................February 24th............
*************************************************************************************************************************
Battle Transport
Corps Transport...................... Thessaloniki.................................February 20th....................Odessa...............................February 24th.............
**************************************************************************************************************************
III/7 Battalion.......................Thessaloniki, Stavros.............February 20th, February 21st.........Odessa...............................February 26th..........
**************************************************************************************************************************
1/3 Company
2/3 Company
3/3 Company
Headquarters / II Division
Distribution Platoon / II Division
II Telegraphists' Detachment / II Division
4th L.O.C. Battalion...............Thessaloniki, Eleftherai..........February 21st, February 23rd.........Odessa..............................February 27th.............
1th Infantry Regiment reinforcements
Military Postal Service
Odessa Base
*************************************************************************************************************************
IIa Mountain Artillery Battery....Thessaloniki................................February 25th.......................Odessa............................March 5th....................
*************************************************************************************************************************
5/3 Company
6/3 Company
7/3 Company............................Eleftherai...................................February 27th.......................Odessa............................March 4th.........
Battle Transport - Corps Transport / 3rd Infantry Regiment
Headquarters Group - Three battalions - Corps Transport / 5/42 Evzones Regiment
*********************************************************************************************************************
1st Infantry Regiment reinforcements
Artillery Command / II Division
II Distribution Platoon............Thessaloniki, Eleftherai..........February 27th, February 28th.........Odessa..............................March 4th............
Infantry Command / XIII Division
***********************************************************************************************************************
III/3 Battalion
Two engineer
companies / II Division..........Thessaloniki, Eleftherai...........February 27th, February 28th........Odessa...............................March 5th..........
Engineer Park / II Division
*************************************************************************************************************************
2nd Infantry Regiment
A' Army Corps commander
Logistics Unit
Commander and Staff / II Division
XIIIa Operating Theatre........Thessaloniki, Eleftherai............March 5th, March 6th............Sebastopol, Odessa............March 10th, March 13th
IIc Operating Theatre
B' Evacuation Hospital
1st Infantry Regiment reinforcements
**********************************************************************************************************************
A' Transport Car Squadron
( 1st Car Park Detachment
and 4th Transportation Platoon )
401st Airplane Flotilla................Thessaloniki................................March 9th...........................Odessa...............................March 13th.........
********************************************************************************************************************
4 L.O.C. Battalion
1st Infantry Regiment
Staff / II Division..................Thessaloniki, Eleftherai............March 13th, March 14th................Odessa...............................March 18th.........
Commander and Staff / XIII Division
3rd Infantry Regiment ( machine gun companies and 11 infantry companies )
5/42 Evzones Regiment (machine gun companies )
**********************************************************************************************************************
IIb Mountain Artillery Battery.....Thessaloniki................................March 16th.........................Odessa................................March 20th...........
**********************************************************************************************************************
Headquarters II Division
1st Infantry Regiment...............Thessaloniki................................March 16th.......................Romania.................................March?................
VI Medical Car Squadron
B' Evacuation Hospital
**********************************************************************************************************************
XIII Engineer Two-company
XIII Telegraphists' Detachment
XIII Muleteers Company
XIII Animals Pack
XIII Infantry Two-company...Thessaloniki, Eleftherai............March 27th, March 28th.........Constanza, Romania.....................March 31st
XIII Repair Party
XIII Engineer Park
Headquarters XIII Division
Headquarters II Division
*********************************************************************************************************************
Commander III/2 Battalion
10/2 Company....................Kavala...............................................................................Odessa, Sebastopol......................March 13th?.......
III/2 Machine Gun Company
*********************************************************************************************************************
1st Infantry Regiment
2nd Infantry Regiment
3rd Infantry Regiment
5/42 Evzones Regiment........Thessaloniki, Eleftherai.............April 26th, April 27th.................Romania.................................May 6th.......
Headquarters II Division
Headquarters XIII Division
Distribution Platoon A' Army Corps
Headquarters Section A' Army Corps
*******************************************************************************************************************
Telegraphists' Detachment A' Army Corps
Headquarters A' Army Corps..Thessaloniki, Eleftherai............April 30th, May 1st..............Constanza, Romania...........May?, June 1st...........
Headquarters XIII Division
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?131887-The-Greek-Army-in-Russia-1919
Introduction
In 1919 , Greece was one of Nations contributed to the allied expedition of the Ukraine, against Soviet Russia, in order to overthrow the Communist regime. The Greek Expeditionary Corps composed of the entire A' Army Corps, under Maj. Gen. Constantinos Nither .
Greek A' Corps with three French divisions, one Polish division & detachments of White Russian Volunteers, consisted the 1st Allied Divisional Group. Soviet Russia responded to the allied intervention by sending three entire armies to Crimea & Odessa.
The Greeks fought in the battles of Bol-Buyalik, Cherson, Nikolaiev & finally in Odessa. By the summer of 1919 (Greek withdrawal), Greek losses accounted for 398 KIA, 657 WIA.
The battle & evacuation of Odessa (March 1919)
OoB
Greek Expeditionary Corps (EES)
A' Army Corps
CiC: Major General Constantinos Nither
A. Eastern Sector
Command:
– General Nйrel, commander of the [French] 30th ID;
– HQ at Odessa;
– Command post at Gevanova.
Troops:
– Infantry
– [French] 40th IR;
– two regiments of the Greek 13th ID;
– one regiment of the Greek 2nd ID;
– detachment of Russian Volunteer Army in cover.
– Artillery:
– one group from the divisional artillery of the [French] 30th ID;
– artillery of the Greek 13th ID;
– field and heavy artillery of the Russian Volunteer Army
– Cavalry
– two squadrons of the 4th Chasseurs d’Afrique and one battalion of MGs
– one squadron of Russian Volunteer Army
I. The advanced line ran along the Cerbka river, the bridge at Popovca on the Tilgulski [Liman] and the defile of Koblievo-Troпtkoпe. Covered to the east by a detachment of the Russian Volunteer Army operating between the Berezanski Liman and the Tiligulski Liman (1 battalion, 2 squadrons and 2 guns), it was divided into three parts:
a. Under the orders of Lieutenant-Colonel de Clavieres:
– advanced post of Cerbka
– advanced post of Pocrovscoe;
– bridge of Popovca.
– advanced post of Cerbka under the orders of Colonel Manetas and consisting of:
– one Greek IR;
– one Greek artillery group;
– two [French?] 75mm batteries;
– one Greek engineer company;
– one squadron of the 4th Chasseurs d’Afrique;
– one Greek infantry battalion at Bol Buyalic in support,
limited to the east by the Tchernogorka to Krasnogorka (included) road and to the west by the Gradenfeld to Andriewka road, and liaising to the east with the Russian Volunteer Army detachment and to the west with the Polish cavalry at Liebenthal.
– advanced post of Pocrovscoe under the orders of the commander of the Russian Volunteer Army detachment and disposing of:
– four infantry companies;
– 36 machine-guns;
– two squadrons on foot;
– 10 guns,
limited to the west by the Tchernogorka to Krasnogorka road and the east by the village of Kapri. Liaising to the west with the advanced post of Cerbka on the river of the same name and to the east to the village of Kapri with the advanced post of Popovka.
– advanced post of Popovka held by two companies and 16 MGs of the Russian Volunteer Army in liaison to the west with the company of the Russian Volunteer Army in Kapri and to the east with the garrison of Koblievo at Savnia.
b. Fortified line of Koblievo-Troitkoie, under the orders of the commander of the Greek battalion occupying the line and possessing a Greek battalion and 4 guns of the Russian Volunteer Army, limited to the west by Tiligulski Liman and to the east by the sea. Liaison to the west to the village of Savnia with the Russian Volunteer Army detachment at Popovka.
c. Cover to the east, under the direct orders of the general commanding the 1st Divisional Group comprising a squadron of the Russian Volunteer Army (bulk at Krasnaia) patrolling in the direction of Lubianka and Cozlo with a line of retirement on Koblievo-Troitkoie. The Russian Volunteer Army occupied, as well, Otchakov, Fort National and Fort Kimburn.
The admiral to give all necessary orders to support, with the fleet, the occupation of Fort National and, eventually, the evacuation of Otchakov.
II. An intermediate line, passing through Bol Buyalik and Kremidovska, to be held by:
– one Greek battalion;
– one half-company of Greek engineers;
– one French cavalry squadron;
– one platoon of French MGs;
– one French 75mm battery,
and placed in reserve at the disposition of the colonel commanding the 4th Chasseurs d’Afrique.
III. The principal line, under the orders of the colonel commanding the 30th ID, consisting of:
– two Greek battalions (of which one detached to the Troitkoie line);
– one French regiment;
– one Greek 65mm battery, was divided into two sub-sectors each occupied by a Greek battalion and organised defensively:
– one sub-sector from the sea to Kouialnitchki Liman;
– one sub-sector from Kouialnitchki Liman to Gadjibiesky Liman.
In reserve, a French regiment at Marewska at the disposition of the general commanding the eastern sector.
B. Western Sector
Placed under the orders of General Borius, commander of the [French] 156th ID, limited between Gadgibiesky Liman [exclusive] and the Dniestr (exclusive) and consisting of:
– a sub-sector of defence, properly speaking;
– Odessa itself;
– a detachment in cover at the water plant under the direct orders of the general commanding the 1st Divisional Group.
A. Sub-sector of defence, under the orders of General Borius, limited to the east by Gadgibiesky Liman and the Dniestr to the west, in liaison to the east around Andriewka with the Polish Cavalry and to the west, on the Dniestr, with the Romanian units occupying Tiraspol and consisting of:
– Infantry:
– one regiment of the [French] 30th ID;
– one regiment of the [French] 156th ID;
– one regiment of the Greek 2nd ID;
– one Romanian infantry regiment, under certain conditions.
– Cavalry:
– one regiment of Polish cavalry.
– Artillery:
– one group from the divisional artillery of the [French] 30th ID;
– one group from the Greek 13th ID;
– one Romanian group.
B. Advanced line: Under the orders of the lieutenant-colonel commanding the [French] 58th IR, running along the railway to Razdelnaia and consisting of:
– the advanced post of Razdelnaia-Tiraspol;
– Tiraspol;
– the detachment at Bielajewska.
a. The advanced post of Razdelnaia-Tiraspol, under the orders of the commander of the 1st battalion of the 58th IR and comprising:
– one Romanian battalion;
– one battalion of the 58th IR (less one section);
– one Romanian battery, in liaison to the east with the Polish cavalry around Poniatowka and to the west with the garrison of Tiraspol around Strasburg.
b. Tiraspol, under the orders of the lieutenant-colonel commanding the Romanian regiment and consisting of:
– two Romanian battalions;
– one Romanian battery;
– one section of the [French] 58th IR, in liaison to the east with the garrison of Razdelnaia around Strasburg, to the west with the Romanian
troops of Bessarabia at the Bender bridge. The liaison with the advanced post of Cerbka (eastern sector) and with Razdelnaia (western sector) was confided to the Polish cavalry of which the bulk was at Chimiotowka, under the direct orders of the lieutenant-colonel commanding the 58th IR.
c. Detachment at Bielajewska [the water plants] under the direct orders of the general commanding the 1st Divisional Group and consisting of:
– three infantry companies;
– one squadron;
– one battery. of the Polish 4th ID.
C. The intermediate line, under the orders of the lieutenant-colonel commanding the [French] 58th IR, holding Novodlagodatnaya with the staff of the regiment and one battalion of the 58th IR.
D. The principal line, established at 6 to 8 kilometres from Odessa, running via Ustowa, Dalnik and Tatarka, under the orders of Colonel Gargalidis, commander of the Greek 2nd ID and held by one infantry regiment of that division.
Finally, the town of Odessa. This was placed under the orders of General Borius, the governor, charged with the interior defence of the town. The defence was to be based on the organisation of a principal line established around the rail line and a redoubt in support of the port.
The support of the fleet was to be realised by agreement between the governor and the admiral commanding the naval forces in Odessa.
General Borius had for the defence of the town:
– the [French] 156th ID (less a regiment);
– one company of the legion;
– one regiment of tirailleurs algйriens;
– the 4th regiment of Chasseurs d’Afrique, less two squadrons;
– the remainder of the Polish 4th ID;
– the remainder of the Russian Volunteer Army;
– the Russian police;
– the disembarked companies [naval landing parties]
– the staging battalions (Indo-Chinese for the port guard and Algerian for the redoubt).
A general reserve, at the disposition of the general commanding the 1st Divisional Group, consisted of:
– one infantry regiment of the Greek 2nd ID and the advised reinforcements;
– tanks of the AS/303 (one section at Peressip, one at the station, one in the proximity of the HQ)
– the 534th Hellenic Aviation Sq.
By March 1919, the French military wanted to abandon Odessa. The food supply was insufficient to feed the city of a million people and the political situation was unfavourable.
French foreign policy, was aimed at providing a cordon sanitaire between the communists and the West, and an independent Ukraine could have been part of that cordon, along with Rumania, Poland and the Baltic states.
Part of the generals’ concern was that the numerous “workers” of Odessa were both “red” and armed. The French and Greeks had seen the workers rise up to fight them in Nikolaiev and rightly feared the same if Odessa came under direct attack.
On 23 March, General Anselme, commanding the 1st Divisional Group, received from General Franchet d’Esperey
Commander of the Allied Armies in the Orient, new directives for the occupation, defence and security of Odessa. A revised defensive plan was drawn up based on this. The new defensive plan was made with the White Russian, Polish and Greek troops in the front line, with the French in support or reserve.
The White Russians were not very effective, but it was seen that the intervention had been to assist them to save their country and they should at least pull their weight.
The Poles were more committed as fighters, though badly organised, and they were tasked mainly with protecting the town’s water supply and some exterior patrolling.
The Greeks formed the bulk of the front line because they formed the bulk of the troops available.
The French units were largely in reserve because they were much easier to command in an emergency, trained in French doctrine and with no language problems. The poor morale of the French troops at this time has been grossly over-stated, mostly for political reasons. The troops were tired and units were at skeleton strengths and this bred poor spirit, but all the intervention troops in the Russian Civil War suffered from similar poor morale. The plan of defence was an advanced line, a principal defensive line and a redoubt close to the port. Forces were not spread out and care was taken that detachments were not smaller than a company, this having shown itself in the past to be dangerous. An intermediate line, with troops in support of the advanced line, was also given.
The redoubt, from which all civilian population had been evacuated, grouped the French reserve troops, all the services and the officers’ quarters. Access to it was permanently defended and liaison for naval fire support worked out.
The Eastern sector was to come under sustained attack soon after this plan was put into operation. The collapse of the initial lines over the next weeks was sufficient to persuade the French that the entire area should be evacuated, which they did soon after.
Despite exaggerated reports of the Reds’ drive on Odessa, the city was in no real danger of falling to external attack – the support of the navy’s guns would ensure any Red troops would not approach too aggressively. The only real danger to the French was that the local population, which they could not feed, would start an internal rising. Despite that, French Zouaves had so poor morale that immediately after the first clashes with the Reds, panic spread among their ranks, retreated disorderly and left the entire Greek flank uncovered. Soon, hard fights began between the Poles, the Greeks, the remaining French troops & the advancing Red Army. The entire front line was collapsing. Greeks & Poles withdrew the front in order (showing remarkable discipline) while on the other hand French Units fled in disarray. Major Nicholodemos of the 5/42 Evzone Rgt, was promoted to the rank of Major for Valour in the field. Greek losses in Odessa accounted for 118 KIA, 140 WIA.
In August 1919, Greeks evacuated Ukraine.
Cavalry Lance Corporal (left), Infantry Captain (right)
The Greeks in Odessa, February 1919
The Greeks in Odessa, February 1919
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Cuprum
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Messages: 833
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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GREEK ARMY INSIGNIA IN 1919
(For NCOs too, without the button)
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Cuprum
Message Maniac
From: Барнаул
Messages: 833
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Поскольку фотографий греков на интересующий период у меня немного, выкладываю и близкие по времени изображения греческих солдат.
Греческие офицеры / Greek officers
Греческие эвзоны в Турции 1921 год / Greek Evzones in Turkey in 1921
Сержант эвзонов в 1913 году
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Cuprum
Message Maniac
From: Барнаул
Messages: 833
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Это фото мне прислал мой знакомый, Николай - обладатель многими весьма интересными сведениями по периоду Гражданской войны.
Приглашаю всех желающих посетить его блог. Найдете массу интересной информации: http://voencomuezd.livejournal.com/tag/1917
А сейчас присланное фото.
Греческие матросы в Крыму (1919).
Greek sailors in the Crimea (1919).
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Николай
Registered User
From: Воронеж
Messages: 1585
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Поэтому, когда прибыл обещанный маршалом Франшэ д'Эсперэ греческий корпус, численностью будто бы до 30 тысяч человек, все думали, что порядок скоро наладится.
По городу быстро катили автомобили с греческими офицерами. Все греки были прекрасно одеты в защитные новые шинели с узкими золотыми и серебряными погонами, как у наших чиновников. Офицеры были деловиты и скромны. Солдаты спокойны и хорошо шли в строю. Многочисленное в Одессе греческое население гордилось своими соплеменниками, пришедшими выручать из беды единоверную великую православную Россию.
Греческий корпус был направлен на расширение плацдарма для будущей русской армии, формируемой генералом Шварцем. Греков направили в сторону Николаева. Они скоро вошли в контакт с неприятелем. Как говорили, греки вели себя храбро, но совершенно не знали военного дела в условиях междоусобицы. Русских руководителей с ними не было. Французы же и сами плохо разбирались в этом. О французских войсках говорили, что большевистская пропаганда проникла в их среду.
Я.Кефели. С генералом А.В. Шварцем в Одессе//1918 год на Украине. Составление, научная редакция, предисловие и комментарии д.и.н. С.В.Волкова. М., ЗАО Изд-во Центрполиграф, 2001. С.365-366.
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Николай
Registered User
From: Воронеж
Messages: 1585
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Я лично считал, что греческие солдаты в юбках - это к фронту под Одессой не относится. Но сегодня я прочел вот это:
Quote: Когда мы подъехали к Березовке, удивительное зрелище открылось перед нами. Вокзал был разрушен, как и многие здания вокруг него. На перроне лежала огромная белая куча - это были юбки греческих солдат. На путях валялось множество порванных и целых документов - удостоверения греческих, французских и сербских солдат. Вокруг станции было много разбитой техники - орудия без замков, перевернутые, исковерканные машины, повозки; виднелись свежие, недавно вырытые окопы.
Н.А.Равич. Молодость века. М., 1960. С.98
То есть, получается, греки действительно выступали в юбках?!!
Это меня убило
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Николай
Registered User
From: Воронеж
Messages: 1585
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Греческие войска вступают в Смирну, 1919 г.
Греческая кавалерия в Малой Азии
Павлос Кундуриотис, первый президент Второй греческой республики
Генерал Теодорос Понгалос
From: www.myshared.ru/slide/166617/
+
Греческие генералы
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Николай
Registered User
From: Воронеж
Messages: 1585
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Кстати, это фото -
...имеет непосредственное отношение к теме. На нем запечатлен командующий греческим экспедиционным корпусом генерал-майор Констанинос Нидер на передовых позициях в селе Сербка Одесской губернии (март 1919 года)
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Николай
Registered User
From: Воронеж
Messages: 1585
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Greek forces in Southern Russia, 1919 |
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Начало 1919 г., высадка греческого десанта в селении Хорлы. Партизанский отряд П.И.Тарана:
Quote: - Ну давай, выкладывай, что там стряслось.
- Два корабля развернулись на рейде и взяли курс в море.
- Это и все?
- Нет, есть еще: жители говорят, что греки собираются все суда из бухты выводить, часть к южному краю причала, а часть на рейд.
- С чем это связано? Что они замышляют - узнали?
Свыщ кивнул на Клименко:
- В городе он только один был. Видел там этих греков, которые в татарских красных шапочках ходят, слышал их разговор, но понять не мог.
- Они по-своему лопочут, - объяснил Клименко.
- А жители говорят, - продолжал Свищ, - что те два корабля, которые ушли в море - французские. Вроде у них с греками какое-то несогласие. Теперь только греческие солдаты патрулируют в городе.
Ракша С. И. Днепровцы. — М.: Воениздат, 1959. С.39:militera.lib.ru/memo/0/pdf/russian/raksha_si01.pdf
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